Biotechnology and industrial ecology: new challenges for a changing global environment

Abstract

Human causes of global environmental change are invariably linked to inconsistencies in the 
relationship between industrial activities and ecological systems (industrial ecology). The choice of fuel 
materials used in the energy industry is directly responsible for increases in the atmospheric 
concentration of carbon dioxide, resulting in the current trend of global warming. The dependency of 
the agricultural industry on chemicals to sustain productivity in marginal landscapes has led to a 
global-scale contamination of the environment with toxic pesticides and with nutrient fertilizers that are 
changing the course of biogeochemical cycles. One of the strategies proposed to mitigate climate 
change is to lower dependency on fossil fuels by substituting renewable biomass. This strategy has 
several co- benefits for human health and the environment because it supports investments in 
agricultural biotechnology while reducing the adverse health impacts of combustion byproducts of 
fossil fuels. The strategy has limited likelihood for success if “run-away” climate change modifies the 
ecosystem sufficiently to impact agricultural productivity. The development and global implementation 
of biotechnological approaches can contribute urgently needed solutions to problems associated with 
inefficiencies in the industrial ecology of agricultural and energy resources. The necessary 
biotechnological protocols are available, but scale-up techniques are limiting, particularly with respect 
to the cultivation and processing of alternative non-recalcitrant raw materials in stressful environments